Thanksgiving #Ferguson

     Thanksgivings


    This is a strange year, even an awful one, to celebrate Thanksgiving.  A grand jury’s refusal to indict Ferguson, Missouri police officer Darren Wilson has crystallized ugly truths.  Many Americans feel unsafe in their own neighborhoods, not despite law enforcement but because of it.  In some places, the police seem, and act, like an occupying force.  If the law does not represent you, but only governs you, you are a second-class citizen.

    So what are the “blessings” that Americans should “gratefully acknowledge,” as Abraham Lincoln put it in the 1863 proclamation creating the first national Thanksgiving?  That you are one of the lucky first-class citizens who feel safe wherever they go and expect polite help from the police and other authorities?  Or, if you aren’t so lucky, that things aren’t worse?  That you’re still walking around?  Taking satisfaction in national blessings feels grotesque just now.

    This November, we might look back to a mostly forgotten American tradition that lies behind Thanksgiving’s cheery feasting and mutual congratulation.  In 1776, the Continental Congress announced “a day of humiliation, fasting, and prayer,” a day of acknowledging “manifold sins and transgressions” and seeking “sincere repentance and amendment of life.”  Such fasting days were fixtures of the founders’ civic culture.  Prayer, repentance, and thanksgiving were woven together in the national holidays that George Washington and other early presidents announced.

    Yes, remembering national wrongs and seeking “amendment of life” seems better now than just being grateful.  But even that 1776 proclamation contains the seeds of today’s troubles.  It warned that the British were trying reduce Americans to “ignominious bondage” with the help of “the savages of the wilderness, and our own domestics” – that is, slaves.  The prayer and repentance of 1776 were ways of seeking God’s help in building a white man’s colony, an empire of liberty pitched on the back of unfree labor and land cleared with violence.

Ferguson arises from conditions – black poverty, mutual racial distrust, a tradition of policing by and for white people – that are the direct legacy of Jim Crow.  Segregation, in turn, was the direct legacy of the slavery that many of the founders practiced and prayed for help in defending.  The same words from 1776 contain a spirit of searching reflection and a steadfast willingness to protect what later generations would learn to call white privilege.

    In 1808, preaching in Philadelphia, a former slave named Absalom Jones urged a national day of thanksgiving 55 years ahead of Abraham Lincoln.  Jones’s date was not a harvest festival but January 1, the dead of winter.  Why?  January 1, 1808, was the day that Congress banned the import of slaves.  (The Constitution protected the slave trade until 1808, a time-limited compromise that the founders made iron-clad by immunizing it from amendment.)  On that day of remembrance, Jones said, “the history of the sufferings of our brethren” should survive down “to the remotest generations.”

    Absalom Jones's Thanksgiving is more help this November than Abraham Lincoln's or the founders'.  The root of thanks ties the word to think and thought: at its base it means “to hold in mind.”  Gratitude is a kind of remembrance, an act of holding in mind, and so is meditating on an unjust past that remains terribly present.

    Lincoln praised “fruitful fields and healthful skies” in creating Thanksgiving.  He also warned just 18 months later, in his second inaugural address, that after centuries of slavery, “every drop of blood of drawn with the lash” might be repaid with the sword before the country knew peace.
   
    In a better Thanksgiving, we would try to hold both these thoughts at once, the call to gratitude and the call to justice.  No doubt this is hard for everyone, and for different reasons. For some, racial inequality and fear are raw realities every day, and anything inspiring in American history rings false and remote.  For others, the call to reflect on injustice sounds feels like a personal accusation.  But we are caught in this history together. 

    Lincoln’s Thanksgiving proclamation called for thanks “with one heart and one voice by the whole American people.”  He did not say that, for those words to be more than hypocrisy or obtuseness, Americans needed to build a country where one voice could be possible.  But he knew that they did.  And still do.
   

"Politicans in Robes": Is law just politics? What else would it be?

            Linda Greenhouse, the longtime Supreme Court reporter for the New York Times, declared surrender today.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/opinion/law-in-the-raw.html

 For decades, she argued that the Court was a higher form of government, engaged in Law, not just politics.  Now she has decided that the justices are just politicians in robes, after all.

            The straw that broke her faith?  The Court’s decision to review King v. Burwell, a case confirming that Obamacare subsidies can go to people in insurance exchanges that the federal government sets up in states that haven’t created the exchanges themselves.  Without the subsidies, the worst-case scenario has Obamacare entering a fiscal death spiral.  The best case is that it would be another body blow to a law that is managing to work despite design flaws and relentless opposition.  http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/10/the-gop-could-make-obama-kill-obamacare.html

            The Court’s hasty grab at a hot-button case it doesn’t need to decide is unseemly and partisan-feeling.  Greenhouse is absolutely right.  Coming from a very smart and sincere person who loves the Court and the law, her crie de coeur is striking.

            But the Supreme Court has been political since the day it was born.  It’s just that the way it is political today is a symptom of the nastiness and futility of our politics.

            Cast an eye over the history of the Supreme Court, and you will see no golden age of apolitical judging.  Today’s conservative activists, especially the older generation such as Justices Scalia and Thomas, came onto the Court in reaction against an earlier generation of liberal activists.  The liberals had established abortion rights, extended constitutional equality to women, increased the rights of criminal defendants, and briefly declared the death penalty unconstitutional.

The conservatives saw all of this as blatantly political activism.  They sought control of the Court to restore the Constitution and protect law from politics – at least as they understood it.  Now those conservative restorationists are the partisan activists who have broken Linda Greenhouse’s faith.

            And what about those liberal activists who made the young Scalia and Thomas so indignant?  They were the children of another revolution.  Their predecessors – and some of them – also came onto the Court to restore the Constitution and save the law from politics.  Only the activists they overthrew were conservatives: anti-New Deal justices who upheld “economy liberty” and “limited government” by striking down minimum-wage laws and the first wave of Franklin Roosevelt’s legislation.

            And so it goes, back through judicial struggles over Reconstruction, slavery, and the now-esoteric bloodletting of the early nineteenth century, which pivoted on questions like the constitutionality of the national bank.  Someone has always been trying to save the law from politics and restore the Constitution.  When you look at it clearly, saving the law from politics turns out to be a thoroughly political job.  First you have to convince people to accept your version of the boundary between law and politics.  Then you have to get judges onto the bench who agree with you.  The history of law is the history of politics, and vice-versa.

                So why do so many smart people believe in the difference between law and politics?  Why do they sincerely try to restore, or preserve, the line between the two, and get heartbroken when the line fails?

            It’s not just naivete.  The special role of the American courts, particularly the Supreme Court, is to administer principles that have won so decisively in politics that they get taken off the table. The triumph of the New Deal brought in a generation of judges who implemented new principles – above all, the legitimacy of the regulatory and welfare state – across the legal system as the shared framework of a national consensus.  The era of the Civil Rights Movement and the Great Society led a generation of elite liberals, including many of the Justices, to embrace broader principles of personal liberty and equality, which they saw as perfecting the American social compact.  They were busily implementing these in cases like Roe v. Wade when a right-wing insurgency took them by surprise.  The fight that started then has only become more pitched.

            There’s no line between law and politics now because our politics is too divided to generate one.  We cannot begin to agree which issues should be taken off the table and handed to courts.  The conservatives on the Supreme Court are aligned, intellectual, politically, and institutionally, with lawyers and activists who want to dismantle much of the regulatory and welfare state and stop or reverse the extension of civil rights and liberties.  The liberals are aligned with those who have opposite aims: preserving and extending civil rights and upholding the regulatory state as a legitimate aspect of government.  The country is divided, sharply and unrelentingly, over the same questions.  What one side tries to take off the table, to turn from “politics” into “law,” the other side is always trying to grab back.  With every grab, the idea that law and politics are separate becomes harder for anyone to believe.

            Politics gives law its premises: its basic commitments.  Law has its own kind of integrity, based in applying principles consistently, integrating competing goals, giving the same words the same meaning in different places and explaining why not when it doesn’t.  If you have worked closely with judges who practice this craft, you know it isn’t just politics, any more than architecture is just drawing.  Law in this sense is valuable, even essential work, but its fabric gets torn when the premises change – like ripping a weaving project suddenly into a new kind of garment.  It changed in the Civil Rights era, and in the New Deal.  And then it stabilized.  Now it is not stabilizing, and the constant contest at all levels, from basic premises to craft, means that, increasingly, everything feels partisan.  All that is solid melts into fetid air.

            We’ve been denied what Americans seem perennially to wish for – a Supreme Court that is better than we are – surer, clearer, wiser and more unified.  It turns out that was really a wish to be a better version of ourselves.  On the one hand, it’s good to be rid of the illusion and stand on the real ground of democratic politics.  On the other hand, what broken and disappointing ground it is.  But we will need a better politics to heal the law.